Hotel Laundry Water Recycling Singapore:
BCA Green Mark, 1-1.8 Year ROI (Fastest Globally)

Singapore hotels achieve the FASTEST ROI globally (1-1.8 years) due to world's highest water costs ($3.24 SGD/m³ from April 2025) and steep 60% Water Conservation Tax (WCT) increasing to 70-80% by 2030. Singapore water costs breakdown: Water tariff: $1.80 SGD/m³ (PUB water supply basic rate). Water Conservation Tax (WCT): 60% ($1.08 SGD/m³) from April 2025, increasing to 70-80% by 2030 = $1.26-$1.44 SGD/m³. Waterborne Fee: $0.36 SGD/m³. Total: $3.24 SGD/m³ from April 2025 (WORLD'S HIGHEST), rising to $3.42-$3.60 SGD/m³ by 2030. Large 5-star hotel (300 rooms, 40-50 kL/day laundry water): Annual water costs: $47,000-$59,000 SGD (at $3.24 SGD/m³). With 60% recycling: Save $28,000-$35,000/year water. Plus 50% energy savings: ~$16,000 SGD/year (tropical climate, year-round hot water heating). Total annual savings: $44,000-$51,000 SGD. System cost: $80,000-$110,000 SGD. ROI: 1.5-2.5 years. Payback ACCELERATES as WCT increases to 70-80% by 2030 (savings increase 10-20%). Boutique luxury hotel (150 rooms, 20-25 kL/day laundry water): Annual water costs: $24,000-$30,000 SGD (at $3.24 SGD/m³). With 60% recycling: Save $14,000-$18,000/year water. Plus 50% energy savings: ~$7,000 SGD/year. Total annual savings: $21,000-$25,000 SGD. System cost: $50,000-$70,000 SGD. ROI: 2-3.3 years. Mega-resort (500-2500 rooms, Marina Bay Sands scale, 100-500 kL/day laundry water): Annual water costs: $118,000-$591,000 SGD (at $3.24 SGD/m³, depending on scale). With 60% recycling: Save $71,000-$355,000/year water. Plus 50% energy savings: ~$30,000-$150,000 SGD/year. Total annual savings: $101,000-$505,000 SGD. System cost: $110,000-$300,000 SGD (scalable systems). ROI: 1-3 years (LARGEST properties = FASTEST payback under 18 months). Singapore hotel market context: Water scarcity nation (import 40% from Malaysia, massive NEWater/desalination investment). Government driving conservation through escalating WCT (60% → 70-80% by 2030). Hotel industry high water users (laundries, F&B, pools, landscaping). Sustainability critical for tourism reputation (Garden City, Smart Nation branding). Corporate guests demand ESG credentials (Asia-Pacific headquarters location). Properties: Marina Bay Sands (2,561 rooms, largest integrated resort), Raffles Singapore (115 suites, ultra-luxury heritage), Mandarin Oriental (527 rooms, premium positioning), Parkway group (Pan Pacific, Parkroyal brands), Far East Hospitality (11,000+ rooms portfolio), Sentosa resorts (Capella, Sofitel, W, Shangri-La), Changi Airport hotels (Crowne Plaza, Transit Hotel).

Water recycling systems directly support Singapore and international hotel sustainability certifications by providing measurable water conservation achievements critical in water-scarce Singapore. Singapore hotel sustainability programs: BCA Green Mark - Building and Construction Authority official green building certification. Water efficiency is MAJOR component of BCA Green Mark scoring (Singapore context = water scarcity nation). Water recycling delivers quantifiable reductions (45-65%) that significantly improve Green Mark ratings. Supports path to Green Mark Platinum (highest tier). System provides continuous monitoring data for BCA submissions and renewals. EarthCheck - International tourism/hospitality certification widely adopted by Singapore luxury hotels. Benchmarking against global properties, with Singapore's high water costs making conservation achievements more financially significant. Monthly performance data and annual reporting for EarthCheck submissions. Singapore Hotel Association (SHA) sustainability initiatives - Industry-specific sustainability programs and benchmarking. Water conservation metrics for SHA reporting and industry recognition. Peer comparison with other Singapore hospitality properties. BCA-SGBC (Singapore Green Building Council) - Supports SGBC certification initiatives and industry leadership. Contributes to Singapore's national green building targets. Hotel group sustainability programs: Marina Bay Sands EcoHub sustainability program (Las Vegas Sands corporate). Parkway Hotels & Resorts environmental initiatives (Pan Pacific, Parkroyal). Far East Hospitality sustainability framework (11,000+ rooms portfolio). Accor Planet 21 program (Pullman, Novotel, Mercure, Sofitel). Marriott TravelWithPurpose (JW Marriott, Westin, Sheraton, St. Regis). IHG Green Engage (Crowne Plaza, Holiday Inn). Shangri-La Group sustainability commitments. Documentation support for Singapore context: Real-time water and energy monitoring with Singapore dollar savings quantification. Monthly performance reports showing WCT savings (60% → 70-80% by 2030). Annual sustainability achievement summaries for BCA Green Mark renewals. Third-party verification documentation for certifications. Carbon footprint reduction calculations (Singapore's carbon tax context). ROI and financial performance tracking in SGD. PUB (Public Utilities Board) water efficiency reporting. ESG reporting metrics for Singapore context: Quantified environmental impact (liters saved, NEWater equivalents). Alignment with Singapore's national water conservation targets (Four National Taps strategy). Sustainability KPIs for corporate headquarters and investor reporting (Singapore as Asia-Pacific hub). Guest communication materials (in-room sustainability information for eco-conscious international travelers). Marketing and PR content for sustainability positioning (critical in Singapore's competitive luxury hotel market). Certification application support documentation for BCA, EarthCheck, SHA programs. Singapore government incentives alignment: Supports eligibility for PUB Water Efficiency Fund (WEF) grants. Demonstrates corporate citizenship in water-scarce nation. Aligns with Singapore Green Plan 2030 national sustainability targets. Contributes to Singapore's water sustainability narrative (NEWater, desalination, Four National Taps).

Singapore hotels across all segments achieve FASTEST global ROI (1-1.8 years large properties), with particularly strong benefits for Marina Bay integrated resorts, luxury heritage properties, and Sentosa island resorts facing Singapore's WORLD'S HIGHEST water costs ($3.24 SGD/m³, 60% WCT rising to 70-80%). By hotel type and location: Integrated resorts and mega-properties: Large integrated resorts in Marina Bay - 2,000+ rooms, massive integrated resort complexes. Massive laundry volume (casino, convention, luxury rooms, restaurants, theater). HIGHEST absolute savings potential ($300K-$500K+ annually). Corporate sustainability leadership visible to millions of visitors. Sentosa integrated resorts - Multiple hotel brands on island location. Island location = water conservation highly visible. Casino, theme parks, convention = extreme linen volume. Ultra-luxury island resorts - 100+ rooms, premium sustainability positioning. Premium sustainability positioning for ultra-high-net-worth guests. Sentosa island context makes water conservation critical. Luxury heritage and iconic properties: Legendary heritage hotels - 100+ suites, iconic heritage properties. Ultra-luxury positioning requires authentic sustainability (not just greenwashing). International ultra-wealthy guests expect environmental leadership. Historic building modernization benefits from advanced sustainability. Premium Marina Bay hotels - 400-600 rooms, premium waterfront locations. Corporate guests (Asia-Pacific headquarters staff) demand ESG credentials. Spa, fine dining, meetings = high linen turnover. Historic building hotels - Heritage luxury properties. Conservation ethos aligns with historic preservation. Business and government guests (near financial district). International luxury chains: Luxury business hotels - 600+ rooms, premium business properties. International chain sustainability program compliance. Corporate events and meetings = high napery volume. Ultra-luxury international brand properties - 200-300 rooms, premium brands. Butler service = high linen standards and frequent changes. Premium positioning requires sustainability credentials. Established luxury properties - 700+ rooms, multiple wings, extensive grounds. Long-established luxury properties, sustainability modernization. Corporate headquarters location = ESG-conscious guests. Hotel groups with large Singapore portfolios: Major local hotel groups - Multiple brand portfolios across Singapore. Multiple properties = scalable water recycling implementation. Corporate sustainability targets across portfolio. Large local hospitality groups - 11,000+ rooms across Singapore (largest local operators). Multiple brand portfolios including business and lifestyle properties. Massive combined water usage = highest absolute savings opportunity. Sentosa island resorts: Beachfront luxury resorts on Sentosa - 200+ rooms, island luxury. Island location makes water conservation visible and critical. Spa and beach operations = very high towel/robe volume. Lifestyle luxury island properties - 200-300 rooms, contemporary luxury. Young affluent guests expect sustainability. Island resort with pools, spa, beach club. Family resorts on Sentosa - 400+ rooms, family-oriented properties. High pool and beach towel volume. Family eco-education opportunities. Airport hotels and business properties: Airport hotels - 300+ rooms, 24/7 operations. Constant laundry processing for continuous occupancy. Transit guests = frequent linen changes. Business hotels - Consistent volume properties. Corporate travelers with ESG awareness. Hotel operations with highest Singapore ROI: Properties with on-premise laundries processing 25+ kL/day (Singapore water costs make smaller operations viable). Hotels with extensive F&B operations (Singapore's dining culture = high restaurant linen volume). Spa resorts and wellness properties (towels/robes change multiple times daily). Properties with pools/beach clubs (tropical Singapore = year-round swimming, constant towel turnover). Convention/MICE hotels (massive banquet linen turnover for Asia-Pacific events). Integrated resorts with casino operations (24/7 F&B, extreme napkin/napery volume). Properties targeting certifications: Hotels pursuing BCA Green Mark Platinum certification. EarthCheck-rated properties enhancing credentials. International chains meeting group sustainability targets (Planet 21, TravelWithPurpose, Green Engage, LightStay). Properties positioning for Singapore's corporate market (Asia-Pacific headquarters staff with ESG requirements).

Singapore hotels achieve the FASTEST ROI GLOBALLY (1-1.8 years for large properties, 2-3 years boutique) due to WORLD'S HIGHEST water costs ($3.24 SGD/m³ from April 2025, rising with WCT to 70-80% by 2030) and year-round tropical energy demands. ROI comparison by country and water cost: Singapore: 1-1.8 years (FASTEST GLOBALLY for large properties). $3.24 SGD/m³ from April 2025, 60% Water Conservation Tax increasing to 70-80% by 2030 ($3.42-$3.60 SGD/m³). Marina Bay Sands (2,500+ rooms), Raffles, Mandarin Oriental, Sentosa resorts. Payback ACCELERATES as WCT increases (savings compound 10-20% by 2030). New Zealand: 1.5-2.8 years (SECOND-FASTEST globally). Wellington NZ$5-6/kL with 16.4% annual increases, Auckland NZ$4-5/kL (7.2% increases). QT Hotels, Sofitel, Hilton, luxury lodges. Australia: 2-3.5 years. Melbourne AU$3.50-4.50/kL (fastest AU ROI 2-2.5 years). Sydney AU$2.50-3.50/kL (ROI 2.5-3 years). Accor, Mantra Group, TFE Hotels. Thailand: 2.5-4 years (water cheaper ฿25-40/m³, but ENERGY savings ฿1.5M-฿3.5M/year often primary driver in tropical climate). BDMS hospital hotels, Mandarin Oriental, Peninsula, Phuket resorts. Key factors driving FASTEST global ROI in Singapore: WORLD'S HIGHEST water costs: $3.24 SGD/m³ from April 2025 (water $1.80 + 60% WCT $1.08 + waterborne $0.36). Costs RISING as WCT increases to 70-80% by 2030 ($3.42-$3.60 SGD/m³). Far higher than even New Zealand (NZ$5-6/kL = ~$2.80-3.40 SGD/m³ equivalent). System value increases automatically as government escalates WCT over next 5 years. Compounding savings acceleration: Every WCT increase (60% → 70% → 80%) accelerates payback. Example: 300-room hotel saving $44K/year at 60% WCT saves $50K/year at 70% WCT (+$6K), $56K/year at 80% (+$12K total). System purchased today becomes MORE valuable every year as WCT increases. Tropical climate year-round energy use: Singapore's tropical climate means year-round hot water heating for laundries (no seasonal variation). 50% energy savings from heat recovery applies 365 days/year (unlike temperate climates with seasonal heating). Energy savings component (~$16K-$150K/year depending on property size) is consistent year-round. High hotel occupancy and volumes: Singapore's strong tourism and business travel = consistent high occupancy (75-85% average, 90%+ luxury properties peak). Marina Bay Sands, Raffles, Sentosa resorts = year-round demand. Corporate headquarters location (Asia-Pacific) = constant business travel. Water scarcity context: Singapore imports 40% water from Malaysia (Johor agreement, strategic vulnerability). Massive investment in NEWater (recycled water) and desalination (energy-intensive). Government highly motivated to drive conservation through escalating WCT. Hotels demonstrating water efficiency align with national strategic priorities. Example ROI calculations: 300-room luxury hotel (Marina Bay, Orchard, Sentosa): Annual savings: $44,000-$51,000 SGD (water + energy) at current 60% WCT. System cost: $80,000-$110,000 SGD. ROI: 1.5-2.5 years. With WCT increase to 70% by 2028: Annual savings increase to $50,000-$58,000 SGD. With WCT increase to 80% by 2030: Annual savings increase to $56,000-$64,000 SGD. Effective ROI IMPROVES over time as system paid off but savings accelerate. Mega-resort (Marina Bay Sands scale, 2,500 rooms): Annual savings: $400,000-$505,000 SGD (water + energy) at 60% WCT. System cost: $250,000-$300,000 SGD (scalable installation). ROI: 0.5-0.75 years (6-9 months payback). Fastest ROI globally for mega-properties. 150-room boutique hotel: Annual savings: $21,000-$25,000 SGD. System cost: $50,000-$70,000 SGD. ROI: 2-3.3 years. Still FASTER than Australia boutique hotels (2.8-3.5 years), competitive with NZ (1.8-2.4 years Auckland). Singapore strategic advantages: Government support: PUB Water Efficiency Fund (WEF) potential grants for water conservation projects. Alignment with Singapore Green Plan 2030 national targets. Recognition for corporate citizenship in water-scarce nation. Competitive differentiation: Authentic sustainability credentials in Asia's most competitive luxury hotel market. Appeal to eco-conscious international travelers and corporate clients. ESG reporting for Asia-Pacific headquarters locations. Long-term value: System lifespan 15-20 years, but savings ACCELERATE as WCT increases to 70-80%. Investment made today captures future WCT increases automatically. Protection against escalating water costs (hedging strategy).

Yes, water recycling systems are specifically engineered for Singapore's tropical climate and the diverse, high-quality fabric mix found in luxury hotels and resorts, maintaining or improving linen quality while delivering 45-65% water savings and critical year-round energy savings from heat recovery. Hotel linen types successfully processed in Singapore: Luxury bedding: 300+ thread count Egyptian cotton and fine linens (luxury hotel standards). Tropical-weight bedding and lighter fabrics for Singapore climate. Duvet covers, pillowcases, decorative cushions for luxury positioning. Blankets, throws, bed runners for premium properties. Mattress protectors and pillow protectors (frequent washing in humid tropical climate). Spa and wellness linens (VERY high volume in Singapore's spa-focused luxury hotels): Plush terry bathrobes (white and colored) - multiple changes per guest. Spa treatment linens and wraps for extensive spa services. Pool and beach towels (year-round use in tropical Singapore, extremely high volume). Gym and fitness center towels (year-round fitness use). Salon/beauty treatment linens. Sauna and steam room towels (very high volume with humidity). Restaurant and F&B napery (Singapore's dining culture = extensive): Fine dining table linens and napkins (Singapore's Michelin-starred restaurant density). Casual dining and cafe linens (all-day dining operations). Banquet and conference linens (Singapore's MICE industry, Asia-Pacific events). Bar and cocktail napkins (extensive bar/lounge operations). Kitchen uniforms and aprons (multiple F&B outlets per property). Specialty restaurant requirements (Chinese, Japanese, Western fine dining). Guest room textiles: Bath towels, hand towels, face cloths (frequent changes in humid tropical climate). Bathrobes and slippers (washable). Welcome amenities and turndown items. In-room dining napery (extensive room service). Baby cots and specialty bedding. Tropical climate considerations: High humidity environment: Singapore's 80-90% humidity requires frequent linen changes (freshen more often than temperate climates). Water recycling maintains wash quality despite higher frequency. Consistent hot water needs: Year-round tropical climate = constant hot water heating for laundries (no seasonal variation). Heat recovery delivers energy savings 365 days/year (unlike temperate climates). Pool/beach linen volume: Tropical Singapore = year-round swimming, beach clubs, pools. Constant towel turnover (resorts can process thousands of pool towels daily). System handles extreme volume fluctuations (weekend beach club events). How the system maintains quality in tropical Singapore: Advanced disc filtration: Removes particles down to 10 microns for crystal-clear recycled water. No visible difference from PUB fresh water supply. Maintains fabric softness and color vibrancy despite humid tropical storage. Protects against re-deposition of soil in frequent wash cycles. Temperature control for tropical operations: Maintains optimal wash temperatures (40-75°C depending on fabric type). Heat recovery ensures consistent hot water supply year-round. Thermal disinfection maintained for items requiring it (critical in humid tropical climate). Chemical compatibility: Works with all standard laundry chemistry programs (Singapore suppliers). Compatible with specialized luxury linen detergents and fabric softeners. Maintains pH balance for gentle fabric treatment. Supports color-safe washing for colored spa robes and specialty linens. Fabric protection in humid climate: Gentle water quality reduces fabric wear (important with frequent wash cycles in tropical humidity). Extends linen lifespan by 10-15% (significant cost savings in high-humidity environment). Maintains premium feel and appearance despite tropical storage challenges. Reduces pilling and fabric degradation from frequent washing. Singapore luxury hotel applications: Large integrated resorts - Ultra-luxury bedding, extensive spa operations, multiple fine dining outlets. Massive linen volume across 2,000+ rooms. System maintains 5-star quality standards across all linen types. Heritage luxury properties - 100+ suites, ultra-premium linens. Butler service = frequent linen changes and highest quality standards. System supports legendary service reputation. Premium waterfront hotels - 400-600 rooms, extensive spa, fine dining. Premium positioning requires immaculate linens. Water recycling maintains quality while supporting sustainability narrative. Sentosa island resorts - Beach and resort operations with extreme pool/beach towel volume. Spa-heavy properties (wellness tourism). System handles volume spikes and maintains quality. Major hotel groups - Multiple Singapore properties with diverse linen needs. Corporate sustainability across portfolio. Consistent quality standards maintained. Special considerations for Singapore resort operations: Extreme pool/beach towel volume: Tropical Singapore = year-round beach clubs, pools, water sports. System handles 3-5x volume fluctuations (weekday vs weekend beach clubs). Maintains towel quality despite extremely high wash frequency. Spa-heavy operations: Singapore's luxury hotels have extensive spa offerings (wellness tourism focus). Multiple daily washes of spa robes and treatment linens. System maintains plushness and absorbency of terry fabrics despite frequent washing. Fine dining excellence: Singapore's Michelin-starred restaurant density requires pristine white napery. Handles diverse cuisines (Chinese, Japanese, Western fine dining = different staining challenges). Produces immaculate linens for premium dining experiences. Banquet and MICE events: Singapore's Asia-Pacific MICE industry = massive conference/event linen volume. Manages high-volume spikes for large conventions and corporate events. Consistent quality across thousands of table settings for international conferences.

Hotel water recycling systems are designed for 24/7 reliability in tropical Singapore with minimal maintenance, featuring automatic bypass for uninterrupted laundry operations and simple servicing that hotel maintenance teams or local contractors can easily perform in Singapore's humid climate. System reliability for Singapore hotel operations: 99%+ uptime: Systems designed for continuous operation in tropical high-humidity environments. Proven performance in Singapore luxury hotels and globally (1,500+ installations including tropical locations). Minimal operational intervention required once commissioned. Automatic bypass protection: If recycling system requires service, automatic bypass ensures fresh PUB water supply continues. Laundry operations NEVER interrupted - system seamlessly switches to mains water. Bypass allows maintenance during low-occupancy periods without operational impact. Critical for properties where laundry downtime is unacceptable (Marina Bay Sands, integrated resorts, airport hotels). Built for Singapore's demanding hospitality environment: Handles extreme volume fluctuations (weekend beach club events, MICE conferences, peak tourism periods). Manages diverse wash cycles throughout the day (bedding, towels, spa robes, restaurant napery). Adapts to varying chemical programs and wash temperatures. Designed for properties operating 24/7/365 in tropical humidity. Tropical climate considerations: Corrosion-resistant materials for Singapore's humid environment (stainless steel, marine-grade components). Ventilation designed for tropical condensation management. Components selected for performance in 30-35°C ambient temperatures. Moisture-resistant controls and electronics. Routine maintenance requirements (minimal for tropical Singapore): Disc filter cleaning: Frequency: Every 1-2 weeks depending on laundry volume and soil levels (possibly slightly more frequent in humid tropics). Time required: 15-20 minutes. Process: Simple spray-down of filter discs with hose. Can be performed by hotel maintenance staff (familiar with tropical equipment maintenance). No specialized tools required. Scheduled during low-volume periods (typically weekday mornings). Visual monitoring: Daily: Quick visual check of system operation (30 seconds by laundry staff, integrated into daily routine). Weekly: Inspection of filter condition and water quality. Monthly: Review of performance metrics, water savings data in SGD, WCT savings tracking. System has clear visual indicators of operation (critical for 24/7 properties). Annual professional service: Comprehensive system inspection: Detailed component check by certified technician (Wientjens-trained Singapore technicians). Typically 2-4 hours annually. Calibration and optimization: Verify system settings for optimal performance in Singapore conditions. Adjust for any changes in laundry operations or chemistry. Ensure maximum water savings efficiency (critical with Singapore's high water costs). Tropical climate checks: Condensation management, humidity seals, tropical corrosion inspection. Component replacement if needed: Seals, gaskets, or minor wear items (tropical climate may require slightly more frequent seal replacement). Predictive replacement prevents unexpected downtime. Spare parts readily available in Singapore through local suppliers. Documentation for Singapore certifications: Generate annual performance report for BCA Green Mark renewals, EarthCheck, SHA submissions. Water and energy savings verification in SGD with WCT savings highlighted. System efficiency metrics for ESG reporting. Singapore service and support: Local expertise in Singapore: Wientjens-trained technicians based in Singapore. Familiarity with Singapore hotel operations and requirements. Understanding of Singapore water system (PUB supply, NEWater integration, local water quality). Experience with tropical climate maintenance challenges. Fast response times within Singapore (small geographic area = rapid service access). Parts availability: Common service items stocked locally in Singapore. Express shipping for specialized components from regional distribution (Singapore's logistics hub advantage). Minimal inventory required - system reliability reduces parts needs. Tropical climate spares considerations (humidity-resistant seals, tropical-grade components). Remote monitoring options: Many systems include remote performance monitoring (cloud-based, accessible globally). Early detection of any efficiency changes. Proactive maintenance scheduling (especially valuable for large hotel groups with multiple properties). Real-time water savings tracking for hotel ESG reporting (SGD savings, WCT savings, liters saved). Integration with hotel Building Management Systems (BMS) where applicable. Operational simplicity for Singapore hotels: Laundry staff training: 30-minute orientation for laundry operators (Singapore's multilingual workforce accommodated). Simple operating procedures (visual guides, multilingual instructions). Minimal change to daily laundry workflows. System operates automatically in background. Hotel maintenance integration: Fits within existing preventive maintenance programs (Singapore hotels typically have robust PM systems). No specialized HVAC or complex technical skills required. Comparable to managing pool filtration systems (familiar to Singapore hotel maintenance teams, especially resorts). Local service contractors can support if hotel prefers outsourced maintenance (Singapore has strong facilities management industry). Cost of ownership in Singapore: Maintenance costs: SGD $2,500-$5,000 annually for professional servicing (Singapore labor rates). Minimal consumables (cleaning supplies for filter disc rinse). Labor: 30-60 minutes monthly for routine checks (can be hotel staff, minimal cost). Energy consumption: System uses minimal electricity (pumps, controls, efficient in tropical climate). Energy savings from heat recovery FAR EXCEED system energy use (typically 10:1 ratio, valuable year-round in tropical Singapore). Singapore water cost context makes maintenance ROI extremely favorable: Even minimal maintenance investment justified by SGD savings from $3.24/m³ water (rising to $3.42-$3.60 with WCT increases). Long-term reliability in tropical Singapore: Design life: 15-20 years with proper maintenance (tropical climate component selection). Proven durability in tropical hospitality environments globally (Southeast Asia, Caribbean, Middle East). Stainless steel and corrosion-resistant materials for humid tropical conditions. Warranty: Comprehensive manufacturer warranty (typically 1-2 years full, extended component coverage). Performance guarantee for water savings metrics (especially important in Singapore's high-cost environment). Local Singapore support for warranty claims and service.